![]() Hendersen B, Bartram RH (2000) Crystal-field engineering of solid-state laser materials. Kaplyanskii AA, Macfarlane RM (1987) Spectroscopy of solids containing rare earth ions. Garcia-Solé J, Bausá LE, Jaque D (2005) Optical spectroscopy of inorganic solids. In: Yen WM, Selzer PM (eds) Laser spectroscopy of solids. ![]() Holstein T, Lyo SK, Orbach R (1981) Excitation transfer in disordered systems. Luo Z, Huang Y, Chen X (2006) Spectroscopy of solid-state laser and luminescent materials. Yen WM, Shionoya S, Yamamoto H (2007) The phosphor handbook. Henderson B, Imbusch GF (1989) Optical spectroscopy of inorganic solids. Keywordsīlasse G, Grabmeier BC (1994) Luminescent materials. Some applications of lanthanide luminescence are briefly reviewed and a mention of the luminescence in nanomaterials is also included. The experimental distinctions of which particular process is operative in a given system are explained by considering the power, concentration, and lifetime dependences, and the upconversion excitation spectrum. Some of the various upconversion phenomena, including second harmonic generation, two-photon absorption, ground state/excited state absorption, energy transfer upconversion, and photon avalanche, are then described with reference to Ln 3+ and Ln 3+-TM n+ (transition metal) systems. The luminescence of lanthanide ions in non-lanthanide hosts is examined, and the importance of locating the relative positions of Ln 3+ energy levels relative to the host band gap is stressed. Reference is briefly made to the spectra of dipositive ions. The various types of transition of lanthanide ions encountered are then introduced: 4f N–4f N 4f N–4f N−15d charge transfer host band-to-band and defect site or impurity transitions. Then a description of the importance of nonradiative versus radiative processes is made. The chapter begins with a brief comparison of luminescence of lanthanide ions (Ln 3+) in the solid, liquid, and gas phases. A tutorial introduction to the spectra of lanthanide ions is given.
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